5 Laws Anybody Working In Evolution Korea Should Know
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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. It is still healthier than expected.
The country is looking for a new development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors and as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend emerging.
Origins
In the early days the ancestors of modern Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild foods. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and made furs. These people formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools, and later iron tools. They traded with other countries and introduced block printing to Japan and also art styles, a written language, and paper making.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded in the southern region of the peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy where the monarch and senior officials came from the land aristocracy, while the majority of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and sometimes even required them to join the army or construct fortifications.
By the end of the period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and clashed with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety into a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families, and had to be obeyed and respected by everyone, even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who ruled from 918 until 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of graves that were lined with stones, and adorned with precious items such as amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, made of enormous single stones, are prevalent throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized during the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians don't consider to be a legitimate Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Of them, Baekje was the most powerful but its dynasty dissolved by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE leaving it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters the post-crisis period its development model appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the huge costs of the old systems are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand champions of the old system seek to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears over potential job losses.
Analysts and academics are divided about the extent to which Korea's growth is influenced by these two trends. This article examines the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development that include illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also identifies key factors that appear to be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views among this group. A 2009 survey showed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% said that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory 39% believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs, and 17% said they did not know what it meant. This level of doubt is similar to that in the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not accept that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea focused primarily on teaching students and bringing Christ to them. An increase in interest in creation science began in 1980, with an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event drew an impressive crowd of professors, scientists, and church leaders.
The success of the event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st of 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization presented its own work and published articles about scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several films and slides from ICR, as well as some books on the subject that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks in universities and churches across the country.
One example of a KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, students were so fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised the money and support needed to build a small museum on campus with creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the field of creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has a network of local branch offices that give seminars and talks to schoolchildren and community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the latter part of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from overseas. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. During this period the famous samulnori, also known as dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and different musical instruments.
Korea's new development model is being formed in the wake of the economic crisis. The new regime's main challenge lies in the proper balance between the state-led economic policies and market-oriented ones. It also involves rethinking the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining policies that shaped the pre-crisis system. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 and 4.
Established by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and immigrants from northern China. Baekje, a major regional power in the early 4th century expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanderies on the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries enabled powerful local factions to rise. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also click here exerted control over part of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo.
His rule was however short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as a successor state. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From then on, the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly developed into powerful states on the peninsula as well as in Manchuria.